Without holding inner states as causal, B. F. Skinner's radical behaviorism accepted internal states as part of a causal chain of behavior,
but continued to hold that the only way to improve the internal state was through environmental manipulation.
Behavior therapy is based upon the principles of classical conditioning developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning developed by Skinner.
There has been up to now a good deal of confusion about how exactly these two conditionings differ and whether the various techniques of Behaviour
Therapy have any common scientific base. One answer has come in the form of an online paper called Reinforcing Behaviour Therapy which more and more
psychologists are now studying and appreciating.
Contingency management programs are a direct product of research from operant conditioning. These programs have been highly successful. Even with
adult who suffer from schizophrenia these programs produce results
Systematic desensitization and exposure and response prevention both evolved from respondent conditioning and have also received considerable research.
Behavior therapy based its core interventions on functional analysis. Just a few of the many problems that behavior therapy have functionally
analysed include intimacy in couples relationships, forgiveness in couples, chronic pain, stress related behavior problems of being an adult child
of an alcoholic, anorexia, chronic distress, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and obesity.
Functional analysis has even been applied to problems that therapists commonly encounter like client resistance, particially engaged clients
and involentary clients. Applications to these problems have left clinicans with considerable tools for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.
One way to enhance therapeutic effectivness is to use positive renienforcement or operant conditioning.
Many have argued that Behavior Therapy is at least as effective as drug treatment for depression, ADHD, and OCD.
Considerable policy implications have been inspired by behavioral views of various forms of psychopathology.
Lindsley, O., Skinner, B.F., & Solomon, H.C. (1953).
Studies in behavior therapy (Status Report I). Walthama, MA.: Metropolitan State Hospital.
Clark, D. M., & Fairburn, C. G. (1997). Science and Practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Oxford University Press.
Yates,, A. J.(1970). Behavior Therapy. New York Wiley.
Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation, SLP-ABA, 1(1), 56-65.
Perlmutter, M. & Hall, E. (1985). Adult development and aging. New York: John Wiley.
Paul, G. L. & Lentz, R. J.(1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: Milieu versus social learning programs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Schnieder, B. H. & Bryne, B. M. (1985). Children's social skills training: A meta-analysis.
In B. H. Schneider, K. Rubin, & J. E. Ledingham (Eds.) Children's Peer relations: Issues in assessment and intervention (pp. 175-190).
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Corrigan, P. W. (1997). Behavior therapy empowers persons with severe mental illness. Behavior Modification, 21, 45-61.
Corrigan, P. W., & Holmes, E. P.(1994). Patient identification of "street skills" for a psychosocial training module.
Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 273-276.
Wong, S. E. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Psychotic Disorders: Scientific Dead End or Casualty of the Mental Health Political Economy?
Behavior and Social Issues, 15(2),152-177.
Cordova, J. (2003). Behavior Analysis and the Scientific Study of Couples. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(4), 412-419.
Stuart, R. B. (1998). Updating Behavior Therapy with Couples. The Family Journal, 6(1), 6-12.
Christensen, A., Jacobson, N. S., & Babcock, J. C. (1995). Integrative behavioral couples therapy. In N.S. Jacobson & A.S. Gurman (Eds.)
Clinical Handbook for Couples Therapy (pp. 31-64). New York: Guildford.
Cordova, J., Cautilli, J. D., Simon, C., & Axelrod-Sabtig, R. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy.
IJBCT, 2(2), 192-208.
Sanders, S. H. (2006). Behavioral Conceptualization and Treatment for Chronic Pain. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(2), 253-261.
Ruben, D. H. (2001). Treating Adult Children of Alcoholics: A behavioral approach. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Smith, J. E., Milford, J. L., & Meyers, R. J. (2004). CRA and CRAFT: Behavioral Approaches to Treating Substance-Abusing Individuals.
The Behavior Analyst Today, 5(4), 391-402.
Kanter, J. W., Cautilli, J. D., Busch, A. M., & Baruch, D. E. (2005). Toward a Comprehensive Functional Analysis of Depressive Behavior: Five Environmental Factors and a Possible Sixth and Seventh.
The Behavior Analyst Today, 6(1), 65-78.
Hopko , D. R., Robertson, S., & Lejuez, C. W.(2006). Behavioral Activation for Anxiety Disorders. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(2), 212-233.
Stuart, R. B. (1967). Behavioral Control of overeating. Behavior research and therapy, 5, 357-365.
Cautilli, J., Tillman, T. C., Axelrod, S., Dziewolska, H., & Hineline, P. (2006): Resistance Is Not Futile: An experimental analogue of the
effects of consultee “resistance” on the consultant’s therapeutic behavior in the consultation process: A replication and extension.
IJBCT, 2(3), 362 -376.
Cautilli, J. D., Riley-Tillman, T. C., Axelrod, S., & Hineline, P. (2005). Current Behavioral Models of Client and Consultee Resistance: A Critical Review.
IJBCT, 1(2), 147-164.
Kohlenberg, R. J.; M. Y. Bolling, J. W. Kanter, & C. R. Parker (2002). Clinical behavior analysis: Where it went wrong, how it was made good again, and why its future is so bright.
The Behavior Analyst Today, 3, 248-253.
Blackledge, J. T. (2003). An Introduction to Relational Frame Theory: Basics and Applications. The Behavior Analyst Today, 3(4), 421-442.
Kohlenberg, R. J. & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. New York: Plenum.
Cautilli, J. T., Riley-Tillman, C., Axelrod, S., & Hineline, P. (2005). The Role of Verbal Conditioning in Third Generation Behavior Therapy.
The Behavior Analyst Today, 6(2), 138- 157.
Jacobson, N. S., Martell, C. R., & Dimidjian, S.(2001). Behavioral activation treatment for depression: Returning to contextual roots. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 255-270.
Cordova, J., Cautilli, J. D., Simon, C., & Axelrod-Sabtig, R. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy. IJBCT, 2(2), 192-213.
Cullen, J. M., Spates, C. R, Pagoto, S., & Doran, N. (2006). Behavioral Activation Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot
Investigation. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(1), 151-164.
Spates, C. R., Pagoto, S., & Kalata, A. (2006). A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation Treatment of Major
Depressive Disorder, The Behavior Analyst Today. 7(4), 508-512.
Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of Reinforcement: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Meredith Corporation.
Cordova,J., Cautilli, J. D., Simon, C., & Axelrod-Sabtig, R. (2006). Behavior Analysis of Forgiveness in Couples Therapy. IJBCT, 2(2), 192-213.
Sundberg, N. (2001). Clinical Psychology: Evolving Theory, Practice, and Research. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
