Narrative Therapy
Michael White was the founder of narrative therapy, a significant contribution to psychotherapy and family therapy and a source of techniques
adopted by other approaches. White was a practicing social worker and family therapist, was co-director of the Dulwich Centre in Adelaide,
South Australia, and was author of several books of importance in the field of family therapy and narrative therapy.
In 2008, shortly before his death, White set up the Adelaide Narrative Therapy Centre to provide counselling services and training workshops relevant
to work with individuals, couples, families, groups and communities and to provide a context for exploring recent developments relevant to
narrative practice.
White was known for his work with children and Indigenous Aboriginal communities, as well as with schizophrenia,
anorexia/bulimia, men's violence, and trauma.
Narrative therapy holds that our identities are shaped by the accounts of our lives found in our stories or narratives. A narrative therapist is
interested in helping others fully describe their rich stories and trajectories, modes of living and possibilities associated with them. At the same
time, this therapist is interested in co-investigating a problem's many influences, including on the person himself and on their chief relationships.
By focusing on problems' effects on people's lives rather than on problems as inside or part of people, distance is created. This externalization or
objectification of a problem makes it easier to investigate and evaluate the problem's influences. Another sort of externalization is likewise
possible when people reflect upon and connect with their intentions, values, hopes, and commitments. Once values and hopes have been located in
specific life events, they help to re-author or re-story a person's experience and clearly stand as acts of resistance to problems.
The term "narrative" reflects the multi-storied nature of our identities and related meanings. In particular, re-authoring conversations about
values and re-membering conversations about key influential people are powerful ways for people to reclaim their lives from problems. In the end,
narrative conversations help people clarify for themselves an alternate direction in life to that of the problem, one that comprises a person's values,
hopes, and life commitments.
In Narrative therapy a person's beliefs, skills, principles, and knowledge in the end help them regain their life from a problem. In practice a
narrative therapist helps clients examine, evaluate, and change their relationship to a problem by acting as an investigative reporter who is not at
the centre of the investigation but is nonetheless influential; that is, this therapist poses questions that help people externalize a problem and then
thoroughly investigate it. Intertwined with this problem investigation is the uncovering of unique outcomes or exceptions to its influences, exceptions
that lead to rich accounts of key values and hopes--in short, a platform of values and principles that provide support during problem influences and
later an alternate direction in life.
The narrative therapist, as an investigative reporter, has many options for questions and conversations during a person's effort to regain their life
from a problem. These questions might examine how exactly the problem has managed to influence that person's life, including its voice and techniques
to make itself stronger. On the other hand, these questions might help restore exceptions to the problem's influences that lead to naming an alternate
direction in life. Here the narrative therapist relies that, though a problem may be prevalent and even severe, it has not yet completely destroyed the
person. So, there always remains some space for questions about a person's resilient values and related, nearly forgotten events. To help retrieve these
events, the narrative therapist may begin a related re-membering conversation about the people who have contributed new knowledges or skills and the
difference that has made to someone and vice-versa for the remembered, influential person.
References (To view, roll mouse over the "References" heading; to hide, click on the heading)
White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: W. W. Norton.
White, M. (2007). Maps of narrative practice. New York: W. W. Norton.
Winslade, J., & Monk, G. (2000). Narrative mediation: A new approach to conflict resolution. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
White, M. (2005). Narrative practice and exotic lives: Resurrecting diversity in everyday life. Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications.
Fish, V. (1993). Post Structuralism in Family Therapy: Interrogating the Narrative/Conversational Mode. Journal of Family Therapy, 19(3), 221-232.
Minuchin, S. (1998). Where is the Family in Narrative Family Therapy? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 24(4), 397-403.
Madigan, S. (1996). The Politics of Identity: Considering Community Discourse In The Externalizing of Internalized Problem Conversations. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 15(1), 47-62.
Doan, R. E. (1998). The King is Dead: Long Live the King: Narrative Therapy and Practicing What We Preach. Family Process, 37(3), 379-385.
Etchison, M., & Kleist, D. M. (2000). Review of Narrative Therapy: Research and Review. Family Journal, 8(1), 61-67.
Randi Fredricks, LMFT ♦
1711 Hamilton Ave Suite A, San Jose, California, 95125 ♦
408-315-0645